Daily Dietary Reference Intakes** During Pregnancy
|
Nutrient
|
Units |
Age
18 years and younger |
Age 19 to 50 years |
Some Natural Sources
|
| Water |
liters |
3 |
3 |
Tap or bottled water,
juices, carbonated beverages, tea , milk, soup, iceberg lettuce, cucumber,
papaya, watermelon |
| Carbohydrate |
grams |
175 |
175 |
Canned condensed milk,
pie crust, barley, white rice, tapioca, couscous, dates, raisins, cornmeal,
wheat flour, bulgur, chocolate |
| Protein |
grams |
71 |
71 |
Duck, chicken ,fish,
turkey, lamb, beef, soybeans, ricotta and cottage cheese, pork |
| Total Fiber |
grams |
28 |
28 |
Barley, bulgur, beans,
peas, lentils, wheat fiber, oat bran, artichokes, dates, chickpeas |
| Linoleic Acid |
grams |
13 |
13 |
Safflower oil, sunflower seeds, corn oil, soybean
oil, pine nuts, pecans, sesame oil, chicken fat |
Alpha-
Linolenic Acid |
grams |
1.4 |
1.4 |
Flaxseed oil, walnuts,
canola oil soybean oil, fatty fish |
| Vitamin A |
mcg RAE*
(IU as preformed vitamin A) |
750
(2,500)
UL= 2,800
(9,240)
|
770
(2565)
UL= 3,000
(10,000)
|
Turkey and chicken
giblets, carrots, pumpkin, sweet potato, spinach, collards, kale, cantaloupe, turnip greens,
beet greens, winter squash |
| Vitamin E |
mg |
15
UL= 800 |
15
UL= 1,000 |
Ready-to-eat cereals,
tomato, sunflower seeds, nuts, spinach, safflower oil, turnip greens |
| Vitamin K |
mcg |
75
UL= ND |
90
UL= ND |
Kale, collards, spinach,
turnip greens, beet greens, dandelion greens, mustard greens, Brussels sprouts,
broccoli |
| Vitamin C |
mg |
80
UL= 1,800 |
85
UL= 2,000 |
Oranges, grapefruit,
sweet red peppers, papaya ,cranberries ,strawberries, broccoli, Brussels sprouts |
Vitamin B1
(thiamine) |
mg |
1.4
UL= ND |
1.4
UL= ND |
Ready-to-eat cereals,
enriched white rice, wheat flour, oat bran, pork loin, enriched cornmeal |
Vitamin B2
(riboflavin) |
mg |
1.4
UL= ND |
1.4
UL= ND |
Turkey giblets, milk,
ready-to-eat cereals ,duck, yogurt, soybeans, spinach |
| Niacin |
mg |
18
UL= 30 |
18
UL= 35 |
Chicken, fish, duck, wheat flour,
barley, ready to eat cereals, tomatoes , turkey, enriched white rice , buckwheat
flour, yellow cornmeal, pork loin, ham ,bulgur, beef, couscous, lamb, peanuts |
Vitamin B6
(pyridoxine) |
mg |
1.9
UL = 80 |
1.9
UL= 100 |
Ready-to-eat Cereals ,Chickpeas, fish
, beef, turkey, enriched white rice, potatoes, chestnuts, buckwheat flour,
chicken breast and giblets, pork loin, prune juice , duck ,bananas,
plantains |
Folate
|
mcg |
600
UL = 800 |
600
UL = 1,000 |
Enriched white rice, ready-to-eat
cereals, cornmeal, turkey giblets, wheat flour, lentils, cowpeas (black-eyed
peas) , beans, chickpeas (garbanzo beans), okra, spinach, asparagus, beef |
| ACOG
recommends that women who have had a pregnancy affected by a neural tube defect
(e.g. spina bifida or anencephaly) and are planning a pregnancy should receive
4.0 mg of folic acid supplementation per day for 1 month before conception
through the first 3 months of pregnancy [8,9] |
Vitamin B12
(cyanocobalamin) |
mcg |
2.6
UL= ND |
2.6
UL= ND |
Cooked clams, turkey giblets, cooked
oysters, cooked crab, fish, ready-to-eat Cereals ,beef, lamb |
| Iron |
mg |
27
UL = 45 |
27
UL = 45 |
Beef, turkey,
duck, cooked clams, chicken, soybeans, fortified cereals, lentils, spinach, lima
beans, refried beans, chickpeas, tomatoes, and prune juice |
| Iodine |
mcg |
220
UL = 900 |
220
UL = 1,100 |
Cheese, bread, milk,
salt, cooked seafood. |
Vitamin D
(cholecalciferol)
|
mcg
(IU) |
5 (200)
UL= 50 (2000) |
5 ( 200)
UL= 50 (2000) |
Salmon, rockfish , tuna, milk with
added vitamin D, ready-to-eat cereals, skin exposure to sunlight |
|
Biotin |
mcg |
30
UL= ND |
30
UL= ND |
Cooked egg , cheddar
cheese, whole-wheat bread cooked salmon, pork, avocado |
|
Choline |
mg |
450
UL = 3,000 |
450
UL = 3,500 |
Egg, salmon, turkey, beef, pork lion,
lamb, soybeans, baked beans, ham, chickpeas (garbanzo beans), kidney beans |
|
Pantothenic Acid |
mg |
6
UL= ND |
6
UL= ND |
Ready to eat cereals,
beef, mushrooms, chicken, turkey, duck, canned condensed or evaporated milk,
sunflower seeds, couscous, rice, bulgur, yogurt, corn , peas |
| Calcium |
mg |
1,300
UL = 2500 |
1000
UL = 2500 |
Ready-to-eat cereals,
milk, cheese, cornmeal, yogurt, wheat flour, collards, rhubarb, sardines,
spinach, soybeans, turnip greens |
| Phosphorous |
mg |
1,250
UL = 3,500 |
700
UL = 3,500 |
Cornmeal, canned condensed or
evaporated milk, raw oat bran, fish, ricotta cheese, duck, barley, clam chowder,
soybeans, bulgur |
| Magnesium |
mg |
400
UL = 350 (from pharmacological agent) |
360
UL = 350 (from pharmacological agent) |
Buckwheat flour, bulgur, oat bran
raw, semisweet chocolate, fish, wheat flour, spinach, barley, pumpkin seeds,
cornmeal, soybeans, white beans |
|
Copper |
mcg |
1,000
UL = 8,000 |
1,000
UL= 10,000 |
Beef, cooked
oysters, cooked crab , mushrooms, chocolate, tomato products, nuts,
mature soybeans, sunflower seeds, chili con carne, cooked clams |
| Zinc |
mg |
12
UL = 34 |
11
UL = 40 |
Cooked oyster, ready to
eat cereals, baked beans, turkey, beef, cooked crab, chicken, duck, lamb, pork,
kidney beans |
|
Chromium |
mcg |
29
UL= ND |
30
UL= ND |
Broccoli, grape juice,
orange juice, English muffin, waffle, potatoes, garlic, basil, beef,
turkey breast |
|
Manganese |
mg |
2
UL = 9 |
2
UL = 11 |
Raw oat bran, wheat,
bulgur, pineapple, barley, nuts, ready to eat cereals, white rice, spaghetti,
okra, brown rice, chickpeas, spinach, raspberries, lima beans |
|
Molybdenum |
mcg |
50
UL = 1,700 |
50
UL = 2,000 |
Beans , lentils, peas,
nuts, cereals, peas spinach, broccoli |
|
Selenium |
mcg |
60
UL = 400 |
60
UL = 400 |
Nuts, chicken or turkey
giblets, fish, cooked oysters, turkey, duck, wheat flour, enriched white rice,
oat bran, pork, ricotta cheese |
| Fluoride |
mg |
3
UL = 10 |
3
UL = 10 |
Fluoridated drinking
water, cooked seafood, tea. |
**Recommended Dietary Allowances And Adequate Intakes
*RAE=
retinol activity equivalents;
3.33 IU Vitamin A
= 1 mcg RAE ; 6.66 IU beta carotene from supplement = 1mcg RAE;
UL = The maximum level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no
risk of adverse effects. ND = Not determinable
SEE ALSO
Dietary Reference Intakes During
Lactation
Suggested Reading
-FDA: Dietary Supplements
-MyPyramid for Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
REFERENCES:
1.
Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium,
Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001)
Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) Institute of Medicine (IOM)2001
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10026
2. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D,
and Fluoride (1997); http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=5776
3. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6,
Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic
Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C,
Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000);
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=6015
4. National Academy of Sciences
http://www.iom.edu/Global/News%20Announcements/~/media/Files/
Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRIs/DRISummaryListing2.ashx
5. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat,
Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002)
6. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.
2009. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release
22. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page,
http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl
7. Oregon State University
Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Center
http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/
8.Cheschier N; ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics.ACOG practice bulletin. Neural tube defects. Number 44, July 2003. (Replaces committee opinion number 252, March 2001).Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2003 Oct;83(1):123-33.
Recommendations for the Use of Folic Acid to Reduce the Number of Cases of Spina Bifida and Other Neural Tube Defects MMWR September 11,
1992 / 41(RR-14);001. PMID:14626221
9.Centers for Disease Control (CDC).Use of folic acid for prevention of spina bifida and other neural tube defects--1983-1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1991 Aug 2;40(30):513-6. PMID:2072886
Kcal/kg per day
Normal BMI 40-45, Underweight 42 -50 , overweight 30 - 35 , obese?
MvI with iron one 1st trimester, then 2 for second andthord
Calcium mg 1500 1st, 2500 second and third
Vitamin D 1,000 IU
Magnesium 400 mg 1st, thne 800 mg 2nd and third,
folic acid 1 mg throughout
vitamin C/E 500 - 1000/400
10. Goodnight W, et al. Optimal nutrition for improved twin pregnancy
outcome. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Nov;114(5):1121-34. PMID: 20168116
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