How to use this Level II reference
This index links to system-focused Level II modules in the updated Perinatology.com 2025 layout. Each module includes:
- A concise overview of normal anatomy and key landmarks.
- Differential diagnosis tables and pattern-recognition notes for major abnormal findings.
- Links to illustrative images, external resources, and related calculators where available.
Modules labeled Updated 2025 use the new responsive “classic” design. Modules marked
In development are planned but not yet migrated; existing legacy pages remain accessible.
Head & CNS
Cranial biometry, ventricular system, midline structures, posterior fossa, extra-axial spaces, and intracranial soft markers.
Normal brain survey, ventriculomegaly, posterior fossa abnormalities, midline defects, extra-axial collections,
and selected intracranial soft markers.
Lateral ventricles
Cisterna magna
Cavum septi pellucidi
Face & Neck
Orbits, profileimaja etget, nose and lips, palate, mandible, neck masses, nuchal region, and facial clefts.
Survey of orbits, profile, nasal bone, lips, palate views, neck masses, cystic hygroma, and nuchal region,
with pattern-recognition for common anomalies.
Profile
Nasal bone
Cleft lip/palate
Cystic hygroma
Thorax & Heart
Lung fields, mediastinum, diaphragm, and standard outflow and four-chamber cardiac views.
Normal thoracic anatomy, congenital lung lesions (CPAM/CCAM, sequestration), diaphragmatic hernia, mediastinal
masses, and pleural effusion/hydrops patterns.
CPAM/CCAM
CDH
Pleural effusion
Standard four-chamber view, outflow tracts, three-vessel and trachea view, situs assessment, and key patterns
suggesting structural heart disease.
Four-chamber
Outflow tracts
3VT view
Abdomen & Gastrointestinal Tract
Abdominal contour, solid organs, cord insertion, GI tract, abdominal wall, and common cystic or solid masses.
Stomach and swallowing, echogenic and dilated bowel, obstruction and atresias, meconium peritonitis, and abdominal
wall defects including omphalocele and gastroschisis.
Echogenic bowel
Double bubble
Omphalocele
Gastroschisis
Genitourinary System
Fetal kidneys, ureters, bladder, collecting system dilatation, external genitalia, and GU obstruction patterns.
Renal anatomy and variants, collecting system dilatation, pyelectasis, hydronephrosis, bladder and urethral
obstruction, and common GU syndromes.
Pyelectasis
Hydronephrosis
Posterior urethral valves
Maternal Structures & Cervix
Maternal cervix, uterine anomalies, fibroids, adnexa, lower uterine segment, and cesarean scar region.
Cervical length assessment, short cervix and cerclage planning, lower uterine segment and cesarean scar,
uterine anomalies, fibroids, and adnexal masses.
Cervical length
Cerclage
Fibroids
Adnexal mass
Skeletal System & Limbs
Long bone biometry, hands and feet, thoracic dimensions, and patterns of skeletal dysplasia.
Systematic evaluation of long bones, hands, feet, thoracic cage, and spine contribution, including differential
patterns for short limb and dysplasia syndromes.
Femur length
Humerus
Hands/feet
Skeletal dysplasia
Placenta & Umbilical Cord
Location and morphology, previa and low-lying placenta, placenta accreta spectrum, cord insertion, vasa previa,
and cord vessel number.
Planned 2025 module for placental location and previa, accreta spectrum, cord insertion (marginal, velamentous),
vasa previa screening, cord vessel number, and common cord/placental lesions.
Placenta previa
Accreta spectrum
Vasa previa
Cord insertion
