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Bag of watersThe membrane (amnion) surrounding the fetus and the amniotic
fluid.
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Banana Sign
Curvature of the cerebellum (the part of the brain that controls
balance) around the midbrain giving the cerebellum the shape of a banana. Caused by Arnold-Chiari II malformation.
In 95% percent of cases the Arnold-Chiari II malformation is accompanied by hydrocephalus and myelomeningocele
(open spina bifida). |
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Bicornuate uterus
Two separate single horn uterine bodies sharing one cervix.
The uterine tubes, uterus, and upper vagina are formed by fusion of the two paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts
beginning at about 10 weeks gestation. Fusion of the ducts with resorption
of the uterine septum is usually completed by about 20 weeks' . Partial failure
of the ducts to unite results in two separate single horn uterine bodies sharing one cervix.
Bicornuate uterus is associated with increased risk for miscarriage,
preterm labor,
breech
presentation, and fetal growth restriction. |
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Bilirubin
Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment produced from
the breakdown of hemoglobin the protein that carries
oxygen in the red blood cells). Bilirubin is
removed from the body largely by the liver. The liver of many newborns may not
be mature enough to remove bilirubin from the blood stream quickly enough. The
excess bilirubin may build up giving the the infant's skin and membranes a
yellow color a condition called jaundice.
Biophysical profile (BPP)
| Biparietal diameter (BPD)
The distance between the parietal eminences on each side of the skull.
The distance is measured by sonogram from the outer surface of the
skull to the opposite inner surface of the skull.
The appropriate transverse plane for measurement of the fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) and head circumference (HC) should include the thalamic nuclei (structures deep in the brain) and the cavum septum pellucidum (a space between the thin membranes that separate the lateral ventricles). Both structures are inferior to the corpus callosum
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T = Thalamus C= Cavum septum pellucidum |
Bishop score
An assessment of the likelihood
of successful induction of labor. The Bishop score assigns points for cervical dilatation, effacement, consistency,
cervical position, and the
station of the presenting part. A Bishop's score of less than 6 indicates low
probability of successful induction. Other scoring
systems exist.
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SCORE |
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CERVICAL EXAM |
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
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Dilation (cm) |
Closed
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1-2 cm
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3-4cm
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>5cm
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Effacement (%) |
0-30%
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40-50%
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60-70%
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>80%
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Consistency |
Firm
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Medium
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Soft
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Position |
Posterior |
Mid |
Anterior |
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Station |
-3
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-2
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-1
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+1, +2
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Blastocyst
The rapidly dividing fertilized egg when it enters the
uterus
Blood Pressure
Bloody show
Passage of blood-tinged mucus from the vagina caused by loss
of the cervical mucous plug. Bloody show often precedes the onset of labor.
Borderline amniotic fluid
Variously defined as an amniotic fluid index greater than 5 and less than 8 cm,
an amniotic fluid index greater than 5 and less than 10 cm, and an amniotic
fluid index greater than 5 cm but below the 2.5th percentile based on
gestational age–specific normative data
REFERENCE(S)
1. Phelan JP, Smith CV, Broussard P, Small M. Amniotic fluid volume assessment
with the four-quadrant technique at 36–42 weeks’ gestation. J Reprod Med 1987;
32:540–542.PMID: 3305930
2. Gumus II, et al., Perinatal outcomes of pregnancies with
borderline amniotic fluid index. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2007 Jul;276(1):17-9. Epub
2007 Jan 12.PMID: 17219158
3. . Banks EH, Miller DA.Perinatal risks associated with borderline amniotic
fluid index. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Jun;180(6 Pt 1):1461-3.PMID: 10368489
4. Kreiser D, et al., Decreased amniotic fluid index in low-risk pregnancy.J
Reprod Med. 2001 Aug;46(8):743-6.
PMID: 11547649
5. Moore TR, Cayle JE. The amniotic fluid index in normal human pregnancy. Am J
Obstet Gynecol. 1990 May;162(5):1168-73.
PMID: 2187347
6. Magann EF, et al., Borderline or marginal amniotic fluid index and peripartum
outcomes: a review of the literature.
J Ultrasound Med. 2011 Apr;30(4):523-8. PMID: 21460153
Bowel
The intestine. The intestine , which includes the small and large intestine , is the tube shaped digestive organ that connects the stomach to the anus.
Brachycephaly
Short disproportionately wide head. Brachycephaly is seen with several
disorders including Down syndrome and syndromes associated with premature
closure of the coronal suture (Apert, Crouzon, Pfeiffer, Saethre-Chotzen and Carpenters).
Bradycardia
In a fetus a mean heart rate less than 110 beats per minute lasting for at
least two minutes. In an adult a sustained heart rate less than 60 beats per minute.
Braxton Hicks contractions
Sporadic uterine contraction that
do not increase in intensity and do not result in childbirth. Named after John Braxton Hicks a British
gynecologist who first described these contractions in 1872.
Breech presentation
The fetus is in a sitting position with the buttocks, knees, or feet nearest
to the cervix.
Breech presentation occurs in 25 percent of pregnancies less than 28 weeks' and
1 to 3 percent of births at term. The three types of breech presentation are
frank breech (flexed at hips with extended knees-legs above buttocks), footling
breech (one or both hips extended-leg(s) extended below buttocks), and complete
breech (flexed hips and knees-no limbs extended).
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